Examining The Traditional Indigenous Community Structures Religion Essays

Inspecting The Traditional Indigenous Community Structures Religion Essays Inspecting The Traditional Indigenous Community Structures Religion Essay Inspecting The Traditional Indigenous Community Structures Religion Essay Customary Autochthonal people group were truly organized and the individuals inside them submitted to numerous innate Torahs and laws. Autochthonal individuals accept that all their standard Torahs were set up during the Dreamtime ( the clasp of imaginative action ) by their ascendants. These Torahs decided the suitable practices of various individuals inside the society. The Torahs other than chose which supplements could be eaten, how supplement ought to be shared, individuals s rights and obligations, family guidelines, marriage understandings, profound duties and punishments for the individuals who violated the guidelines ( Customary Law, Traditional Life, Aboriginal People and Torres Strait Islanders, 2005 ) . 2.0 The decent variety of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Torahs There are around 500 known Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander states ( Hamper et.al, 2009, p.58 ) . Inside every one of these states are a figure of families. Every one of these families has their ain area, conventions and ceremonies and has built up an alone law. In this manner, there are 1000s of signifiers of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people groups standard statute. In any case, the entirety of the families have a strict balance by which to sort out their law. For outline, the Dreamtime is critical to the constitution of the law and the capacity of the land and spiritualty in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander standard law. 3.0 The strict idea of standard law The main guideline of customary Aboriginal society is faith in the solidarity of the strict, human and common universe ( Aspects of Traditional Aboriginal Australia, 2007 ) . Native spiritualty depends on the Dreaming ( got from Dreamtime ) , Totems and association with land and natural structures of H2O. 3.1 The Dream This strict perspective is known as the Dreaming, and it pervades each aspect of customary Aboriginal life. The significance of the Dreamtime lies in the way it tells how the mixers made and kept up the land and how they set out the law. The piece of the Dreaming is that each segment of the existence power the Ancestral Beings, the land, the ocean, universes, zoologies, vegetations and normal marvels is inseparably and everlastingly associated with each other bit. Moreover, through the perception of custom and formal, universes can come in into an immediate relationship with the Dreaming ( Aspects of Traditional Aboriginal Australia, 2007 ) 3.2 Totems An of import aspect of Aboriginal spiritualty is the conviction that each individual has a totem. Totemism portrays the connection between a man with a works or vitalize being species, or a status or a situation. In conventional Aboriginal conviction every individual s totem begins in the topographic point where that singular s female parent was impregnated with a soul kid. Soul kids are discharged in exceptional hallowed topographic focuses by the Ancestral Beings. For representation, a pregnant grown-up female close to the site of a goanna will er unborn child is in a flash associated with the goanna totem31. 3.3 Connection with land and natural structures of H2O The nearby bonds between Aboriginal individuals and the physical and strict universes are especially obvious according to land. Land is vested in every individual from the phonetic correspondence bunch as a hallowed inheritance from the Dreaming, and along these lines gives the establishment to the gathering s being. Each gathering s area is truly, profoundly, financially and socially crucial for continuance. Subsequently, association with land is a worked in segment of the psyche of each person inside the semantic correspondence gathering. 4.0 The attributes of Aboriginal and Torres waterway Islander statute There are four cardinal attributes of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people groups standard statute ; orally based, understanding on Torahs all through the entire gathering, family unit and fondness ties and, in light of rituals and customs. A cardinal quality of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander law is the build of shared responsibility for land and assets. This build is in barren rather than European statute, which is dedicated to the standard of private proprietorship 5.0 Ritual and unwritten conventions The ceremonies that every kinfolk rehearsed originated from their different readings of the Dreamtime. These rituals were found in all nations of life, including confidence and standard statute. Along these lines to European law, consequently, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander standard statute has a solid custom part. For outline, ceremonial ceremonials influencing specific sacrosanct destinations, vocal rhythms are joined by move, and natural structure picture, and even athleticss ( Autochthonal Traditions Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, 2006 ) . One of the central qualities of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander standard law is that it is unwritten statute. This implies the statute is non recorded yet then again transmitted by expression of oral pit. Every coevals must recover the Torahs thus experience them on to the undermentioned coevals. Tunes, move and accounts were utilized to help individuals from the family recover the various Torahs that applied to their gathering. One of the occupations related with unwritten law is that it very well may be overlooked or misconstrued. As one coevals gives the statute to another, it is simple for it to be coincidentally adjusted. To show signs of improvement of this activity, Aboriginal individuals would only dismissal a law that had changed to the point that it was presently out of line. This is one of the central preferences of unwritten statute: its flexibleness. As a general public adjusts, so can the law. In European-based legitimate frameworks, adjusting the law includes a long and typically tedious technique ; as an impact, the lawful framework can leave measure with the viewpoint of society. 6.0 Dispute Resolution Contest assertion includes intervention and assuagement completed by seniors of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people group. Intercession includes all gatherings engaged with a distinction talking through their issues and looking to choose their employments through exchange. As opposed to passing out punishment to a person who broke inborn Torahs or imposts, Autochthonal legitimate custom holds that it is smarter to hold a family part converse with the individual and exertion to choose the activity by treatment. Where a distinction could non be settled through intercession, pacification would be utilized. In this strategy for distinction statement, the seniors of the society would run into with the individuals in the battle and exertion to assist them with making a revelation through treatment and duologue. Their silver hair oftentimes distinguishes seniors, by the by, more youthful astute work powers would other than participate in gatherings. Notwithstanding, the seniors in Autochthonal people group are perishing out doing it difficult to remember them for gatherings. 7.0 Sanctions There are army faces inside Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people groups standard statute. The essential faces include: cultural disparagement and disconnection, reprisal, battling and derisive, test by experience and, examination. Ancestral punishment is existing in Aboriginal human progress. Conventional punishment is a development of standard statute ; rebuffs miscreants violatin and violating Aboriginal people group esteems. Theway in which punishment is spread out is like that of the Australian criminal justness framework. A gathering is held comprising the charged, complainant and seniors who choose the discipline and the disagreeableness of punishment. A delineation of a typical punishment is the blamed being skewered a figure for times in the thigh. 8.0 You should reason your examination with an estimation, bolstered by grounds, regarding whether the two signifiers of law viable are good and could coincide in Australia. There are significant contrasts between the cutting edge Australian legitimate framework dependent on English basic statute and Indigenous standard Torahs. Under Australian statute there is a reasonable division between lawful undertakings and otherworldly cultural and virtues. Nonetheless, conventional Aboriginal statute is ineluctably founded on Aboriginal confidence ; the Dreamtime gives the adequate codifications of conduct in all features of life. A few nations of standard statute are good in Australia, for example, intervention and affirmation of customary land. A signifier of intercession alluded to as circle condemning has been joined into the condemnable justness framework. For representation, the Koori council, a venture of the Victorian Aboriginal Justice Agreement, intends to right overrepresentation of Autochthonal transgressors in the condemnable justness framework through the presentation of equity related plans and administrations in organization with the Koori people group ( Message Stick Koori Court, 2005 ) . The individuals from the Koori Court contain network pioneers, a judge and a senior of the network. Trial of hover censuring in various nations of Australia have been effective. Circle condemning has diminished the obstructions that by and by exist among Courts and prompted improvements in the level of help for Aboriginal transgressors ( Lawlink NSW: 3. Native Customary Law, 2000 ) . In add-on, the Lardil Peoples v. Province of Queensland [ 2004 ] FCA 298 shows the turning affirmation of significance of natural structures of H2O to the Autochthonal Australians. The customary owners ( the Lardil, Yangkaal, Kaidilt and Gangalidda pe

Organization Management

Presentation Organizations are intelligent of an aggregation of various factors inside and outside its setting. The accomplishment of any associations is constantly licensed to the great administration style utilized by the top executives.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Organization Management explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the exhibition of an association relies on an assortment of components including inner just as outer variables. Inward factors may incorporate administration procedure embraced by the organization while outer components involve issues, for example, government arrangement, rivalry and globalization, just as the general condition inside which an association works. Top chiefs play out a vital job in the administration of any association through their job of contriving systems just as planning arrangements directing the company’s activities towards accomplishing the set objectives and targets (Hanson, 2008; Sa dler, 2003). In addition, they likewise have a command of coordinating and organizing the general tasks of organizations. Through their controlling and driving job, the directors are answerable for allotting assets to different divisions notwithstanding driving the others in the supervisory crew to adequately do their obligations. Subsequently, the top chiefs extraordinarily influence the presentation of the associations. Be that as it may, different partners, for example, supervisory group, government just as the business are similarly significant in the presentation of the firm (Hooke, 2010). Inner components influencing the presentation of an organization The vital authority hypothesis holds a few realities to the extent the connection between top directors and hierarchical picture and execution is concerned. In any case, the official administrators are engaged with offering positions of authority that push the exhibition of their associations. As pioneers, the official chiefs st ructure the organization objectives and destinations that are intended to direct the activities of the firm (Hooke, 2010). Besides, the administrators define approaches just as formulating systems to guarantee that the planned objectives and goals are accomplished. The organization is in this way administered by the arrangements detailed just as procedures embraced by these directors (Minichilli et al, 2010).Advertising Looking for article on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The arrangements accordingly administer each feature of the organization activities including relationship among the representatives inside the organization, their relations with the bosses just as the clients. Subsequently, the activities of an association are tremendously influenced as is its exhibition (Minichilli et al, 2010). Then again, systems received by the official supervisors likewise have direct effect on the presenta tion of an association (Richard, 2009; Sadler, 2003). As per Richard all around educated directors can shape the association they lead (16). The administration methodologies actualized decides to an enormous degree the seriousness of a firm contrasted with its adversaries in the business. Hitt et al (2009) contend that a company’s serious capacity is improved when the administrators set up just as actualize procedures that increase the value of the organization (4). For example, such rivalry was seen among Airbus and Boeing where both the organizations embraced diverse serious techniques to get by in the market as well as make benefits. Airbus presented excessively gigantic with an enormous limit while its rival picked a medium-sized plane with a traveler limit however productive in this manner winning the serious fight (Hitt et al, 2009). For the most part, Richard presumes that such position to settle on choices for the organization is just left for the top supervisors in u nified authoritative frameworks however appointed to bring down hierarchical levels in decentralized frameworks (Richard, 2009). Official chiefs are likewise offered with a significant job of controlling the distribution of assets inside the association. They hence have the authority over the dispersion and assignment of assets to the different organization divisions (Jing and Avery, 2008). All around educated administrators would guarantee impartial dissemination of such assets which thus improve the exhibition of the homestead as each department’s necessities is dealt with. In any case, poor asset allotment would make shortage of such indispensable prerequisites in certain offices in this way affecting adversely on the authoritative execution (Jing and Avery, 2008).Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Organization Management explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The official directors are along these lines met with the position and capacity to assign fundamental assets just as make decides that administer such distribution. Thusly, the top chiefs directly affect the presentation of an organization. Notwithstanding, Golsorkhi et al (2010) takes an alternate point of view concerning such powers (111). They contend that the managers’ power is controlled by the standards of an appropriate direct as shared by their partners just as junior workers inside the association (Golsorkhi et al, 2010). They repeat the reliance of authoritative structure and the office as specified in the auxiliary hypothesis. As indicated by the hypothesis, the assets are constrained by the current guidelines and guidelines which happen to frame a social framework (Golsorkhi et al, 2010). Outer components influencing the exhibition of an organization The presentation and notoriety of an organization is additionally licensed to different factors separated from the administration methodologies embraced by the top administrators. These outside pow ers may compel the organizations to receive certain techniques that would influence their presentation emphatically or more terrible still, adversely. At the start, political powers may propel an association to hold fast to the laid laws, for example, charge laws and ecological consistence (Ofosu-Amaah, 2000). These enactments will shape the organization to be socially just as ecologically well disposed consequently improving its open picture and notoriety (Ofosu-Amaah, 2000). Additionally, governments may choose to offer endowments to association in which they have possession trying to build their profitability just as support work in those organizations. For example, countries, for example, France, Spain and Germany have procured possession in the Airbus in this manner guaranteeing that the organization thrives in business accordingly controling the uplifted joblessness rate (Hitt et al, 2009). Nonetheless, raised expenses collected on the associations may discharge them from thei r operations.Advertising Searching for exposition on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Then again, natural viewpoint discredits the way that hierarchical achievement is completely licensed to the top administrators yet to the earth inside which the association works. Nature here may incorporate such factors as globalization and rivalry (Pine and Davies, 1999). In the ongoing past, there has been an enlarged association between various economies just as associations. Such relations have improved the exhibition of the included associations as they can trade present day the executives systems just as advancements fundamental for both their endurance just as benefit. On the other hand, rivalry has affected on the presentation of various association in a similar industry (Pine and Davies, 1999). Through rivalry, organizations have turned to mergers so as to beat the business jumps right now saw in the serious market. Such merger empowers the associations to gain from others’ the board techniques just as tackle appropriate and confounded issues in the business togethe r (Hanson, 2008). By embracing other effective organizations’ system, the organizations in rivalry can improve their presentation colossally (Hitt et al, 2009). End Organizations are intelligent of an assortment of an assortment of components inside and outside its setting. In any case, the exhibition of any association is affected by the administration methodology received by the supervisory crew just as other outside variables including the general condition inside which it works rivalry, globalization just as government arrangements, for example, charge laws. Reference List Golsorkhi, Damon et al (2010) Cambridge Handbook of Strategy as Practice. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. Hanson, D. (2008) Strategic Management: Competitiveness and globalization. third version. Asia Pacific, Thomson. Hitt, Michael et al (2009) Strategic administration: intensity and globalization: ideas cases. eighth release. Florence. Cengage Learning, Inc. Hooke, Jeffrey (2010) Security Analy sis and Business Valuation on Wall Street + Companion Web Site: A Comprehensive Guide to Today’s Valuation Methods. second version. New York. John Wiley and Sons. Jing, Fenwick and Avery, Gayle C. (2008) Missing Links In Understanding The Relationship Between Leadership And Organizational Performance. Sidney. Macquarie University. 7(5). 67-78. Minichilli, Alessandro et al (2010) Top Management Teams in Family-Controlled Companies: ‘Familiness’, ‘Faultlines’, and Their Impact on Financial Performance. Diary of Management Studies. 47(2) 205â€222. Ofosu-Amaah, Paati (2000) Reforming business-related laws to advance private segment improvement: the World Bank involvement with Africa. Washington DC. World Bank Publications. Pine, Joseph and Davies, Stan (1999) Mass customization: the new wilderness in business rivalry. Harvard. Harvard Business Press. Richard, L. (2009) Organization Theory and Design. tenth release. Florence. Cengage Learning, Inc. 200 9 p16. S

Ban These 15 Words From Your Writing

Restriction These 15 Words From Your Writing Smoothed out composing is a programmed approach to introduce yourself as cleaned and expert.  The next time you compose a significant email, report, or even a snappy note, verify whether you can erase any of the accompanying before sending-your composing will be better for it. 1. Thatâ€Å"That† is a grammatical form the vast majority use without deduction. It’s frequently absolutely superfluous! Here are 4 sentences utilizing â€Å"that†-see which ones are absolutely satisfactory without it!1. A) â€Å"She said that she would be late.†2. B) â€Å"That pup is the cutest thing ever.†3. C) â€Å"Did you catch wind of that explosion?†4. D) â€Å"You should get the books that are on the floor†Choices An and D can work flawlessly well without â€Å"that† jumbling up their energy. â€Å"You should get the books on the floor† and â€Å"She said she would be late† appear to be so light and vaporous now!Also, quit utilizi ng â€Å"that† to allude to individuals. â€Å"The individuals that got out of the car†? No! â€Å"The individuals who climbed out of the car.† Because they are individuals, vehicle or no car.2. WentSometimes â€Å"went† as in the past tense of â€Å"go† is the most brief separation between two focuses, however you likewise botch a chance to set up data about how whoever got any place did she race, fly, hustle, tarry, drive, carom, or drift?3. HonestlyI need to do a discover and trade in my papers for â€Å"honestly† all the time-it falls under the heading of what I call â€Å"throat clearing† with my understudies. I use it as a second to interruption and afterward pass on genuineness, yet the thing is, the thing that it really proposes is that you haven’t been straightforward this entire time.4. AbsolutelyThere is a period and a spot for accentuation. Be that as it may, except if you’re composing promoting or exposure d uplicate, you presumably don’t need the EXTREME INSISTENCE of something being absolute.5. VeryWe use â€Å"very† to reinforce our expectation, yet it regularly ends up diluting it. Make your sentence remain on its own!6. ReallySimilarly, â€Å"really† gives a fantasy of strengthening without including a lot of significance at all.7. AmazingThe New York Mets are astonishing. They â€Å"cause extraordinary astonishment or abrupt wonder† in light of the fact that for quite a while they have been horrible at playing baseball lastly this year, they are acceptable at it. Outside of Citifield, however, â€Å"amazing† is overexposed to the point that nothing is actually that great. Positively not great enough to acquire the name.8. AlwaysWhenever you work in absolutes (see â€Å"absolutely†) you are in a dark or white zone. There’s no subtlety in â€Å"always,† there’s no space for development or amendment. Except if you’ re giving guidelines or illustrating method, give some squirm room.9. NeverI allude you to the above.10. LiterallyThis is one of those words that began getting utilized for comedic impact and has assumed control over our vocabulary. Did this really occur? No? Is it an allegory? Indeed? At that point for what reason are we sticking to this mass fantasy that such a significant number of things are really happening?11. JustThis is something ladies get hyper-reprimanded for utilizing, when in all actuality it debilitates anyone’s writingâ to decrease their commitment by starting with â€Å"I was simply going to say†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Use â€Å"just† when you’re discussing decency or fairness, in any case leave it in the drawer.12. MaybeAnother one that ladies get extra scrutinized for, in spite of the nippy gathering we regularly get when we make firmâ statements. On the off chance that you’re sure, stable sure!13. StuffI had an understudy in one of my classes report her dream story was occurring in the Kingdom of Stuff, on Stuff Island. She’s 8. We can excuse her. Are you 8?14. ThingsDitto â€Å"Stuff†15. IrregardlessPut this in a lockbox at the base of the ocean alongside â€Å"supposably.†It may require a significant stretch of time to (figuratively) eliminateâ these words from your cerebrum, however including an extra mental channel when you alter should assist you with honing your composition and improve your enticement right away. Cut out the filler, the throat-clearing, the hovering around, and you’ll discover you come through on the page with greater lucidity and fortitude.

Las Vegas is the Best Vacation Spot :: persuasive, informative

Las Vegas is one of the country's preferred get-away goals. It's a 24-hour city where betting is an adored past-time and fantasies about becoming quite wealthy can work out. Be that as it may, Las Vegas has numerous attractions and club activity is only one of them. Las Vegas is the best excursion spot since it offers diversion for the entire family, remarkable relationships, and a lot of exercises for kids. Since Las Vegas was normally viewed as a grown-up city, guests in the past have frequently left youngsters at home. Be that as it may, this desert network presently offers numerous daytime exercises for kids. About the entirety of the bigger lodgings have some type of diversion for kids, and some much offer uncommon managed kids' projects. The present betting meccas offer a variety of exercises for the entire family. In spite of the grown-up just climate of the past, Las Vegas currently advances a youngster benevolent condition that is difficult to stand up to. Exciting rides, water parks, computer generated reality theaters, and an arrangement of exhibition halls have jumped up over the city of Las Vegas. In Las Vegas, two words spoken as every now and again as hit me and twofold down are no ifs, ands or buts, I do. Pat from Las Vegas Weddings says, marriage permit are given one each 5 and half moment. Among the well known who have hitched in Las Vegas are Elvis and Priscilla Presley, Frank Signature and Mia Farrow, Richard Gere and Cindy Crawford, and Bruce Willis and Demi Moore. 24 hours every day, seven days per week, marital promises are taken at drive-up windows, on bungee bouncing stages, vessels, in helicopters, and at handfuls a wedding houses of prayer. No lawful residency is required. Blood test are not required and there is no holding up period. A multi year old can even get hitched with the assent of a parent for just $35 dollars. Andrea 8.@ aol.com states, Marriages is Las Vegas absolute more than 100,000 every year, due to some degree to the simplicity of getting a marriage permit. In the wake of a difficult day of investigating the assorted contribution of Las Vegas, your worn out and throbbing muscles might be shouting out for a loosening up back rub, facial, or a home grown wrap. Then again, perhaps your body is use to an ordinary exercise and your vibe liable about relaxing around the pool; or gambling club throughout the day. Oh dear, help is in transit! Huge numbers of the huge retreat inns highlight total spa offices, including sauna, practice projects, and rec center gear.

Hip Hop Dance Essay

Hip Hop Dance Essay Hip Hop Dance Home›Descriptive Posts›Hip Hop Dance Descriptive PostsHip hop is believed to have been founded by African Americans back in the late 60’s and early 70’s. It started as an urban culture and spread like a virus. Initially, hip hop was a solution to self-determination, realization and urban pride. This was the norm in the gang-ridden streets of Bronx, New York where drugs were also commonplace. Block parties, outdoor jams, gang warfare and aggressive street dance competitions are among the characteristics defined hip hop. Eventually, hip hop grew to become a multibillion dollar industry that has modeled many individuals into successful media icons.This has created many manifestations through which hip hop as a culture can be explored. The culture has four fundamental elements which include hip hop dance, art, music and fashion. Hip hop includes urban graffiti while hip hop music is characterized by Deejaying, rapping and hip hop music production. Rapping is mainly urban poetry that is presented in a lyrical rhyme. Hip hop dance on the other hand is characterized by break dance moves and interesting forms of street dance. This paper aims at discussing hip hop dance; from history to the present day proliferation of the hip hop culture.Hip Hop DanceHip hop dance has been very influential especially to the young generation. The bad-boy bad-girl attitude associated with the dance hailed from the same Bronx that gave rise to the hip hop culture. The throbbing street dance was also common in Brooklyn and Los Angeles and would literally shake the urban communities. The legendary dancer Don Campbell and his Lockers had a major impact on street dance (Price, 2006). He added a new flare to the hip hop dance with his bad-boy expression. In fact, dancing was the initial essence of early hip hop and the local dancers inspired Djs to embrace music that exemplified hip hop dance.Every street gang in the 70’s had its group of dancers and was captivated by energetic sounds of beat boxes and discotheques. Local dances were performed on outdoor jams where crowds would respond vehemently to the prodding of the Dj to show engagement in the dance style. Kool Herc was a renowned Dj of the time especially for his creative and innovative abilities of bringing forces together to give local youth a chance to entertain and have a good time. The hip hop dance phenomenon is mainly related to African Americans and Latin Americans but has grown to spread to other parts of the world over time (Hess, 2010).After the outbreak of hip hop dance, a number of films were released that featured the new form of dancing that combined beats, sounds and street moves. In fact, for some movies such as “Crush Groove” made it to success as a result of integration of the hip hop culture. Hip hop dance became the new style of dance that emerged in choreography with styles such as locking, popping and break dancing. Hip hop dance is categorized into old school and new school dance though the two have evolved with time. Currently, hip hop dancers have become independent of the original hip hop culture and young people are inventing new moves to make the dance more enthusiastic.Differences between hip hop dance and other dance stylesHip hop dance styles are among the oldest and most established dance styles. Mainly characterized by violent movement of the body, hip hop dance differs from other styles a great deal. It is a muscle-moving work out that involves rolling of hips, waist and pelvic as well as popping that emphasizes beats and sound produced in the music. The popping movements give an excellent abdominal workout as opposed to other slow dance styles such as jazz or slow dance.Choreographers and dancers use these styles for fitness and as a platform to promote body shape and dance prowess. For this reason, hip hop dance has gained popularity in television, film as well as in the theatrical setting. Some dancers have even toured the worl d showcasing their works in hip hop dance. These include March of the Anthem, P-funk and others. Even today, international competitions are common as will be discussed in this study (Scheff et al, 2010).The founders and significance of hip hop danceAs indicated above, hip hop dance has been growing steadily since it started in the 1970s and it has been so since the black community and the Latinos in the United States invented the dance (Kelly,2011). It is worth mentioning that the dance was mostly concentrated among the poor people in the states who were fans of the style and the music genre. Note that musicians and artists that promote hip hop music genre have continued to promote the dance. It is also very important to understand that the dance has had several transformations and evolutions depending on generations and fan base of the music (Kelly,2011).The dance came to be an attraction when the first break dancing contests, locking and popping began and it was greatly popularize d by dance crews such as rock steady crew, the lockers and electric boogaloos.  It is important to make it clear that the dance moves were created independently, that is to mean that locking, popping and break dance, moves that make up the dancing style were independently made (Hennings, 2010). Some were created in California like the funk styles while others were made in New York. Some of the pioneers who will be remembered in the invention and evolution of hip hop dance is James Brown whose good foot dance formed the basis of break dance.Looking where to BUY AN ESSAY?Save your time and money! Use QualityCustomEssays.com professionals service to get an A+ paper Place an order get 15%offfor your first orderHip hop dance is much concentrated on the musical and dance that have been done and therefore there was a turn with the invention of another break dance beat by DJ Herc in 1973 which further piloted the dance in the seventies. On the other hand, other moves such as the popping we re invented by the Sam Solomon with the greatest inspiration being his song Do the Boogaloos which also gave the inspiration to the boogaloo dance. However, it should be mentioned that the original version of the dance was created by Don Campbell in the sixties although much credit is given to the developments that were made in the seventies (Robinson, 2002).It is worth mentioning that the dance has not been much of a choreographical excitement and therefore cannot be traced back to its popularization in this route. However, it is notable that there are choreographers who are great in the popularization of break dance such as Laurie Ann Gibson who has even had a movie based on her life to indicate the contributions she has made in helping the growth of hip hop dance that has started gaining acceptance as a dance. Note that the moves which include jerky movements of the arms and torso were initially viewed as confusion but have now been considered an expression of the emotions of ind ividuals that worship the dance.Additionally, Shane Sparks is another of the choreography who has given so much to development of the hip hop industry and dance. It would therefore be seen that the dance have moved from the development of a dance that was invented for the baby boomers of the seventies that has so much influence in arts in the contemporary world to a universally acceptable dance. Initially, the dance was associated with violence as also the hip hop music has but all these have since changed because of the evolution in the genre.International competitionsSeveral international dance competitions have focused on hip hop dance. Most of them start from regional tournaments that are confined to countries, several states or a continent. They offer dance crews a chance to create a name in the hip hop industry and qualifying groups are selected for final global championships. Such is the case with Battle of the Year, a breaking competition for dance crews started in Germany i n the 90’s. It starts with regional dance battles that lead to international championship finals. B-Boy Summit on the other hand is an international dance conference that runs for four days in San Diego. It was first formed by b-girl in Asia.The conference includes break dance battles, dance panels and workshops as well as a market place for hip hop merchandise. This conference is unique in that it mainly emphasizes on the history of hip hop and the value of the culture across the world. It aims at making people understand the roots of the hip hop dance and hip hop culture. As a result, it consolidates rappers, Djs, young dancers with talent and other hip hop-faithful individuals from across the world. Besides dance shows, artists showcase their prowess in hip hop graffiti. In dance, lockers and poppers also battle out their skills for top prize (Feldberg, 2009).The Hip Hop International is a worldwide hip hop dance championship started in 2000 in the US and gives both dance crews and soloists a platform to compete. The candidates are categorized in ages; junior, varsity and adult. Crews are required to be composed of five to eight persons and must showcase at least three unique styles of hip hop dance. Solo dancers are also given an opportunity to showcase their locking and popping moves. Breaking moves are usually set for the adult category. This international hip hop event attracts hip hop lovers from across the world.For instance, in 2009 the competition had one hundred and twenty crews that represented over thirty countries. Hip Hop International also manages the Hip Hop Dance Championships held in the United States. These are among the key international hip hop competition events but there are several others that are run in other countries. The main impact of these dance competitions is that they popularize the hip hop culture especially the art of dance (Agence France Presse, 2009).Dancing is a means of expressions and hip hop has proved just that alt hough it is quite different from the dancing styles that have been there since time immemorial but it has been noted that dancing is quite positively influenced by the kind of music. Hip hop dance has been promoted by the hip hop music genre and since the genre is dynamic, the same case has applied to dancing as well. This means that apart from the three styles; break dancing, popping and locking, there have been other developments in the system. To cap it all, hip hop dancing is expected to gain popularity with time as much as it is going to undergo several transformations depending on the fan base.

Where are they now Tommy Kelleyâ€Looking Back with Gratitude

Volunteer firefighter since the age of fifteen, EMT, competitor in the Olympic trials for rifle, political campaign manager, and more—Tommy Kelley has packed in a lot of life in his twenty-five years. Now graduated from college, Tommy looks back at his IEW training with gratitude. Share a bit about yourself. I grew up in Staunton, Virginia, and was homeschooled from kindergarten through twelfth grade. I have two older siblings, Lee and Meganne, and a sister-in-law named Lauren. I graduated from Blue Ridge Community College with an Associate Degree in Administration of Justice, then transferred to Liberty University and graduated with a Bachelor’s Degree in Criminal Justice. What do you do now? I still live in Staunton and am currently working for Congressman Bob Goodlatte as his North Regional Field Director. When did you start learning with IEW, and which courses did you take? I was in second grade when I started using IEW. We used IEW’s writing process with whatever we were currently studying, and I used Ancient History-Based Writing Lessons one year. I also memorized classic poems with the Linguistic Development through Poetry Memorization program.    What was your favorite part of IEW, and how did it benefit you? We were in a writing club for years, and IEW gave me a lot of great ideas for paper topics. One of my favorite activities was writing from pictures. All the kids in writing club drew pictures and we exchanged them. The next month we came back and read the stories that we had written from the pictures. That was fun. One benefit of IEW was that I didn’t have to â€Å"make things up.† I liked being told exactly what I needed to write about and how to do it. Memorizing poetry was also fun, and it helped strengthen my ability to memorize. How did IEW help you in college? IEW was a big help in college. It helped me structure research assignments so that I had a good idea of where I was going with the project before I even started writing. I learned to break every project down into bite size chunks and work on one part at a time. I also had to give PowerPoint presentations in some of my classes. I set up the presentation the same way I would set up a paper—and it worked great. I always got high marks on my presentations because they were organized and easy to follow. Do you see any connection from your IEW training to your ability to communicate beyond writing? Do your plans for the future require communication skills? My job demands a lot of public speaking. The organizational skills that I’ve learned with IEW have definitely helped me with public speaking presentations. In the future I hope to continue to work on political campaigns, which always calls for good writing and communication skills. I am also hoping to go to law school in a year or two, so IEW will continue to play a big part in my education. What one piece of advice would you give your younger self? Study harder in high school, even if you don’t think you’re going to go to college. Write a lot. Almost all jobs expect some writing. Tommy plans to continue working in areas that require a high level of communication ability. Whether his future ends up being in law, politics, or law enforcement, the skills that were honed by using IEW will serve him well.

Character Analysis Of Elizabeth Lavenza s Frankenstein

Shelby Guffey English 251 October 2, 2017 Character Analysis of Elizabeth Lavenza in Frankenstein In Mary Shelley’s 1831 novel, Frankenstein, there are several smaller characters that help to move the plot forward. Perhaps the most influential character to Victor Frankenstein’s life is Elizabeth Lavenza, his doomed fiancà ©. By the end of the novel, her character serves as the final tool for Victor Frankenstein to be able to understand his creature. Parallel to the time-period, Elizabeth seems to exist by and through Victor’s perception of her. She is his property, and he takes her in as gift. He looked at Elizabeth as, â€Å"mine- mine to protect, love, and cherish,† (Shelley, 18). It is also interesting to note that her presence in the house†¦show more content†¦Elizabeth is consistently the glue that holds the Frankenstein family together in hard times, specifically after the death of Victor’s mother. When she passed, Elizabeth, â€Å"veiled her own grief, and†¦ forgot ev en her own regret in her endeavors to make us forget,† (Shelley, 24). What followed after Elizabeth taking over the household, was a life full of sacrifice for Victor that inevitably led her to becoming the sacrifice herself. Elizabeth frequently makes sacrifices for the Frankenstein family from early childhood all the way until her death. She assumes the role of womanhood at a young age after Caroline s death. Rather than living out her days of childhood, she comes almost a mother figure to Victor and his younger brothers. While Victor is allowed to seize opportunities to travel and further his education, Elizabeth instead stays in Geneva (Shelley, 23). During the family’s hardest times, Elizabeth tends to take the blame and then internalize her feelings so she won’t cause more stress to the family. When they first discover the death of William, she immediately exclaimed, â€Å"Oh, God! I have murdered my darling child!† (Shelley, 47). She blames herself although she never laid a hand on the toddler. Elizabeth thinks that the trinket she allowed William to play with was the motive for the murderer to kill William (Shelley, 47). Unknown to the family, it was actually Victor’s creature’s first play against his creator. The Creature then plants the trinket givenShow MoreRelatedReview Of Frankenstein By Mary Shelley2689 Words   |  11 PagesLiterature Preparing for the Test Name: Jerry Ennolikara Literature Template Title: Frankenstein Author: Mary Shelley Era (written and setting): Written in 1816, primarily in the North Pole, then the story itself goes from England to all over Europe to the Middle East, etc. Story takes place in early 1800s. Characters (with key details): Victor Frankenstein- the creator of the monster; engaged to Elizabeth for a long time; educated; obsessive; has regret after creating the monster; takesRead MoreFrankenstein Major Works Data Sheet Essay1125 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Title of Work: Frankenstein Author: Mary Shelley Date of Publication: January 1, 1818 Genre: Gothic Biographical information about the author: Born as Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin to William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft on August 30, 1789, Mary was the only child of her father and mother. Hardly more than a week after having Mary, Wollstonecraft died, leaving William to raise Mary and her half-sister, Fanny, whom William chose to adopt. When Mary was four, her father remarried but resentmentRead MoreAt First Reading Mary Shelley’S Novel Frankenstein Appears1709 Words   |  7 PagesShelley’s novel Frankenstein appears to be part of the gothic or horror genre, but further examination of this novel reveals many concepts and perspectives that are related to other genres of English literature. Along with possessing various conceptual ideas this novel brilliantly highlights the characteristics of men, which many authors have credited Mary Shelley’s understanding of the opposite gender as exceptional. Throughout this novel there can be identified three male characters that are usedRead MoreMary Shelleys Frankenstein2805 Words   |  12 PagesPlot Overview The story of Frankenstein, written by Mary Shelley,starts off with Robert Walton, one of the main characters in the book, on his mission to explore the North Pole. Walton is the captain of a ship heading to the North Pole. He writes to his sister who lives in England the dangers of the mission. Suddenly the mission is interrupted by impervious ice. While trapped in the ice Walton and his crew spot a strange figure in a dog-drawn-sledge. The following day they encounter another figureRead MoreThe Representation Of The Mother2278 Words   |  10 PagesThe Representation of the Mother in Frankenstein â€Å"Through the blur, I wondered if I was alone or if other parents felt the same way I did - that everything involving our children was painful in some way. The emotions, whether they were joy, sorrow, love or pride, were so deep and sharp that in the end they left you raw, exposed and yes, in pain. The human heart was not designed to beat outside the human body and yet, each child represented just that - a parent s heart bared, beating forever outside

Effect of Business Process Reengineering Factors on Organizational Performance - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 22 Words: 6452 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The increasing competitive pressure as a result of technological development, globalization, changing customer demand led to survival challenges of many banks in the developing countries and demanded for improvement in quality customer service and speed to enhance profitability performance and cost reduction. This study is aim at exploring possible relationships among the factors of business process reengineering, and test a model that show the effect of BPR factors on firm performance with the moderating effect of IT capability on the causal relationship between the BPR factors and organizational performance of banks in Nigeria. Field study survey would be conducted under natural research setting. The sample of the study consists of commercial banks, microfinance banks and primary mortgage financial institutions. Closed-ended multiple choice questionnaires would be administered to the banks and both descriptive and inferential statistics analysis would be used in data analysis. Key words: Business process reengineering, Factors of business process reengineering, Information technology capability, Organizational performance, Banks, Nigeria, INTRODUCTION Business process reengineering (BPR) is a popular management tool for dealing with rapid technological and business changes (Ranganathan Dhaliwal, 2001). It was first introduced by Hammer (1990), as a radical redesign of processes in order to gain significant improvements in cost, quality, and services (Ozcelik, 2010). BPR creates changes in people (behavior and culture), processes and technology (Al-Mashari Zairi, 2000). It does not seek to alter or fix existing processes; but, it forces companies to ask, whether or not a process is necessary, and then seeks to find a better way to do it (Siha Saad, 2008). BPR integrates all departments into a complete process which have been designed to fulfill a specific business goal (Cheng et al, 2006). Successful implementation of BPR enable s organizations to achieve dramatic gains in business performance (Shin Jemella, 2002). BPR helps banks to deal with new economic challenges and change the traditional processes to improve their customers satisfaction. Business Process Reengineering (BPR) is a management discipline of analyzing and then redesigning current business processes and their components in terms of efficiency, effectiveness and added value to the objectives of the business. The conduct of business process reengineering steps is planned to gather and process business requirements in support of a modernization effort for defined area. The BPR starts with planning activities that include the creation of BPR team, the development of a BPR scope document and an examination of existing proposal that relate to a given area, examines the existing and future business process and improve accordingly. Similar to any other management approaches, the successful implementation of BPR depend on how well it can be fitt ed to the bank/companies cultural norms, and information technology (IT) suggested by (Davenport Short, (1990); Hammer and Champy (1993); Murray and Lynn (1997); Al-Mashari and Zairi, (1999); Bhatt (2000); Khong and Richardson, (2003); Attaran (2004); Ahmad, Francis and Zairi, (2007). Reengineering in a bank should be undertaken as a project, the project management expertise of IT department become a key ingredient in the success of reengineering. The IT capability includes both the technical and managerial expertise required to provide reliable physical services and extensive electronic connectivity within and outside firm. Information technology (IT) increase the market share of the bank through offering of a product or service that is not offered by another bank (e.g. those customers that prefer private/personalized banking or use debit cards have become the focus of retail and investments in banking (Beyers and Lederer 2001; Peffers and Dos Santos 1996; Post et al., 1995). F or example, new innovative banking practice through merger and consolidation enabled Nigerian banks to bridge the service gap in the system (Sidikat and Ayanda 2008). Therefore, the application of IT capability would enhance service delivery process, produce new product, new processes, new strategy, make the productivity of work faster, eliminate all communication barriers in the organization and empower workers to link up with customers and suppliers to achieve competitive advantage (Davenport, 1990; Hammer, 1990; Teng, James, Grover Fiedler, 1994). The banking sector plays the role of a driver in Nigerian economy that contributed over 6.4% against a target of 10% of total GDP (CBN, 2008). The management of information is a key activity in banking, and the influence of process reengineering and innovations through IT is likely to be bigger in banking than in other industries (David-west, 2005). Banks importantly require IT to coordinate enormous volumes of information (David-we st, 2005). Information technology (IT) is perceived as a necessity to pursue the rationalization and cost management due to intensified competition and crisis in the financial sector (De Bandt Davis, 2000). Information technology has helped Nigerian banks to streamline the back office operations by improving both efficiency and cost reduction. Advances in technology also influence the way banks services are delivered with aimed of making it more convenient for customers. For example, many banks in Africa now have their branches connected on-line real time (24/7). This clearly reduces the danger of carrying cash. Some banks have ATM to make cash available to their customers 24/7. Some Nigerian banks practice e-banking, telephone, and mobile banking. Money transfers services through MoneyGramme and Western Union Money transfer have enable Nigerian in Diaspora to send money to their family (CBN, 2008). Information technology capability (IT operations and IT knowledge) moreover, makes Nigerian banks to participate more effectively in international banking arena. For instance, some technologically up to date banks enable them to access international banking networks in order to efficiently affect fund transfer, open, amend, and negotiate letter of credit, retrieve up to date status of customer transactions among the banks that joined the Society for Worldwide Inter-bank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT). RESEARCH PROBLEM STATEMENT The decline in operational performance efficiency of Nigerian banks in terms of return on assets, equity and operating cost requires urgent attention of the banks to re-strategies ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½ for process performance improvement (CBN/BSD, 2008). Sanusi (2010) argued that poor operational performance indices of Nigerian financial institutions were due to inadequate and inflexible operational processes. This was part of the revelations of the special audit for all the Nigerian banks conducted jointly by Central bank of Nigeria (CBN) and Nigeria deposit insurance corporation (NDIC) in July 2009 for Commercial banks and in February 2010 for Microfinance banks. Vetiva Capital Management (2010), reported a quarterly performance of stocks on the Nigerian Stock Exchange Market for the quarters ended September 2010 that indicated the negative performance of (-2.49%) of banking industry stocks as compared to other industrial sectors of the economy. The weak operational processes of banking services are responsible for decimal performance of the sector in Nigeria (Ibenta, 2010) The consequences of merger and consolidation of operational process and an intensified foreign competition in financial service industry through liberalization and globalization faced by the organizations led to radical changes in operations, and services that result in conflicting performance (Wei Nair, 2006). The customer retention became a key factor in determining the success of bank. The bank that has the largest customer base and highest customer retention rate will be a market leader in the industry. Hence, the quality of customer service becomes a driving force in ascertaining business survival in the banking industry (Tang Zairi, 1998). Various authors such as Tas Sunder, (2004); Bhatt Trout, (2005); Tennat Wu, (2005) Terziovski, Fitzpatrick ONeill, (2003); Salimifard, Abbaszadeh Ghorbanpur (2010) argued that business process reengineering (BPR) in banking services have continued to increased organizational performance and identified the BPR factors that played a major role to successful outcomes for reengineering projects to includes: change management, management commitment, project management, customer focus, adequate financial resources, egalitarian culture, use of I.T, less bureaucratic structure, and quality management system. CSF is one of the most important areas that practitioner would have a greater opportunity to plan and manage successfully if identified in the research on BPR implement ation (Cheng Chiu, 2008). Therefore, given the popularity of BPR and high degree of failure rate linked with BPR project, the desire to identify the key success factors of BPR has gain importance as contemporary management approach for business success. In Nigerian banking industry, managers realized the effectiveness of BPR for gaining competitive advantage even though it is new, they do not fully understand what BPR is about and the CSFs that drive the successful implementation of the BPR project. Therefore, to fill this gap, an investigation into BPR factors would be worthwhile. When examining the relationship between the reengineering factors such as intangible resources and organizational performance, it has been posited that there may exist some key moderating variables that are important issues to research (Wade Hulland, 2004). A moderator variable is a qualitative/quantitative variable that affect the direction and/or strengthen of the relationship between an independent o r predictor variable and dependent or criterion variable (Baron Kenny 1986). The moderating variable of great interest is organization IT capability and its influence on the intangible resources (BPR factors) performance relationships (Liu, Liu, Hu, 2008). The growing of business dependence on information technology both operationally and strategically require the need to focus on value-creating intangible issues of IT capability, such as process effectiveness, IT experience and innovation. IT management experience and competence is expected to show stronger leadership skills and commitment in organizations (Ross Feeny 1999; Gottschalk 2002; Chun Mooney 2009). Building upon the knowledge-based theory, it is argued that the ability to blend business and IT knowledge, operational experience for innovation and competence through a variety of strong intra-organizational relationships lies at the heart of firms superior ability to understand the potential of information technology to enhance performance (Mata et al. 1995; Armstrong Sambamurthy 1999; Wu et al. 2008). To add up the contingency model in explaining the seemingly conflicting findings regarding the impact of aggregate IT capability. Tuominen et al. (2003) proposed the assessment of innovativeness through organizational adaptability as a pre-performance resource and an intermediate factor for financial performance. With the problem at stake, it has therefore become necessary to advance the understanding of the relationship between the factors in business process reengineering performance and IT capability in terms of IT knowledge and IT operations. Previous empirical studies that examined the BPR factors reengineering performance relationships (Cheng Chiu, 2008) have ignored the specific nature of IT capability and also, has not fully considered important environmental condition that influence the relationships. Drawing on the resource-based view, contingency perspective proposed that IT capab ility impact on firm resources was contingent on the fit between the IT capability/resource a firm possesses and the demands of the industry in which it competes. IT capability is expected to influence the BPR factors and reengineering performance relationships. To the researcher ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s knowledge, this moderating effect has never been investigated by prior studies. Although some firms in Asia, UK and US have examined the application of BPR in financial service industry, evidence revealed that much effort did not reach the original expectation (Hammer Champy, 1993). Therefore, the proposed study is different from the previous researches based on the additional three (3) BPR factors in terms of adequate financial resources; effective process redesign, and less bureaucratic flattered structure (Ahmad et al, 2007; Madubueze, 2007; Salimifard, et al, 2010) were introduced into the previous model used. Also, IT capability in terms of IT knowledge and IT operations was being v iewed as moderator (Tippins Sohi, 2003; Mistry, 2006; Yongmei, Hongjian Junhua, 2008). Huang et al, (2009) argued that the empirical evidence of Italian banks suggests that the development of IT capability, such as creating an Intranet to serve as a repository and communication tool, can support the redefinition of the overall strategy of the bank. Furthermore, cultural integration of the branch network and a life-long training process can be conducted to sustain the banks large scale network (Canato and Corrocher 2004). Despite the fact that the financial service industry is one of the early adopters of new information technologies, the effect of IT capability on firm performance is inconclusive in the service sector in general, which is contrary to its manufacturing counterpart (Brynjolfsson 1993). The comparison to be made between banks with BPR project Vs. banks without BPR project (Xin James He, 2005) as well as settings to identify the discrepancies as a result different cul tures, environment, economic activities and level of infrastructural development (Peppard and Fitzgerald, 1997). In view of the above mentioned gaps and the suggestion for further studies by scholars, this study is attempt to investigate and understand the effect of the I.T capability (in terms of I.T skill/knowledge and IT operations) on the performance of Nigerian banks and financial institutions, the possible relationships among the constructs of BPR factors and performance, and test a model that show the effect of BPR factors on organizational performance as well as the influence of IT capability that moderate the causal relationship between the BPR factors and performance of Nigerian banks (Commercial, Microfinance and Mortgage finance. Hence, this study is aimed to explore possible relationships among the constructs, and test a model that show the effect of BPR factors on firm performance and the moderating effect of IT capability on the causal relationship between the BPR factors and organizational performance of banks in Nigeria. LITERATURE REVIEW Organizational Performance The challenges for globalization of financial markets require major changes on the part of market participants to move beyond national-level competition and achieve international and global competitiveness. The entire banking industry is focusing on major process performance enhancements and gains in domestic market share as a catalyst for successful diversification. Banks are concentrating their efforts on market segments offering the potential for growth and enhancing performance, resulting in a re-direction within the overall financial services sector. Innovative banking services and processes were evolved as the market consolidates due to mergers and acquisitions. This dual trend toward specialization and consolidation is forging banks that will be able to compete in international and global markets. Performance enhancement efforts are aimed at a complete realignment of internal processes. In addition to cost containment strategies, focus is now on improving customer service delivery. Organization processes must be effective, efficient, and be more customer-friendly. Attempts are being made to transfer approaches like process reengineering initiatives that have proven effective in other industries, particularly manufacturing, to the financial sector. Organizational performance comprises the actual output or results of an organization as measured against its inputs. Organizational performance measures allow companies to focus attention on areas that need improvement by assessing how well work is done in terms of cost, quality, and time. Today ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s business environment is characterized by the increasing importance and strength of various stakeholder groups. It has become quite obvious that all stakeholders need to be taken into account when assessing modern company ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s performance. This is the main idea of Freemanà ƒâ€šÃ‚ ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s Stakeholder theory (Freeman, 1984, 1994). The stakeholder view maintains that firms have stakeholders rather than just shareholders to account for. The view that the corporation has obligations only to its stockholders is replaced by the notion that there are other groups to whom the firm is also responsible. Groups with a stake in the firm include shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, lenders, the government, and society (Berman et al., 1999; Harrison Freeman, 1999; Hillman Keim, 2001; Riahi-Belkaoui, 2003). One important notion revealed in many studies is that building better relations with primary stakeholders like employees, customers and suppliers could lead to increased shareholder ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s wealth. A sustainable organizational advantage may be built with tacit assets that derive from developing relationships with key stakeholders (Hillman Keim, 2001). When studying the relationship between stakeholder management and a firm ¿Ãƒ ‚ ½s financial performance, Berman et al. (1999) found that fostering positive connections with key stakeholders (customers and employees) can help a firm ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s profitability. Therefore due to the significance of various stakeholders, organizational performance should not be solely assessed by financial indicators. There are several approaches to organizational performance measurement that encompass different stakeholder ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s perspectives (Tangem, 2004). The balanced scorecard (BSC) (Kaplan Norton, 1992, 1993, 1996) is the most established and most commonly used (Neely, 2005), but by far not the only one. The multi-model performance framework (MMPF) model by Weerakoon (1996) is also very interesting and has four-dimensions including employee motivation, market performance, productivity performance, and societal impact, and covers the satisfaction of various stakeholders such as customers, investors, employees, suppliers, and society. A more recentl y developed conceptual framework is the performance prism, which suggests that a performance measurement system should be organized around five distinct but linked perspectives of performance (Tangem, 2004). Organizational performances in this study refer to the level of bank performance (increase/decrease) in terms of both financial and non financial performance indicators. Organizational effectiveness represents the outcome of organizational activities (Henri, 2004). Organizational effectiveness empirically is the ultimate dependent variable in research on organization (Cameron, 1986). The perception of organizational performance is linked to the continued success and achievement of an organization. There are wide ranging literatures on performance, but there is still no consensus definition of the term performance (Johannessen, Olaisen, Olsen, 1999). Murphy, Trailer Hill (1996), study found the use of term performance to include 71 different measures of performance categoriz ed into eight (8) dimensions of both financial and non financial measures. Majority of the previous studies used financial and non financial indicators to measure performance (Johannessen et al., 1999; Murphy et al., 1996). The debate on what performance measurement to use would continue as criteria could not apply to all settings (Cameron, 1986). A review of the literature on the evaluation of performance in organization context by Gomes, Yasin Lisboa (2004), reveals different emphasis on the performance measurement depending on the objective of the organization in that particular situation. There are many possible benefits from reengineering that translate into improved organizational performance. However, because of wide possibility of benefit from company innovativeness on performance a multiple dimensional scale of performance measurement offers more comprehensive operationalization of organizational performance than on uni- dimensional approach. Examples on some financial performance indicators employed in previous studies are: profitability, success rate of new service (product) introduction, after tax return on investment, sales growth, and after tax return on assets. Example of non financial performance indicators includes: customer satisfaction, customer focus, market research, and customer relationship management, quality and process improvement. Therefore based on the previous studies, this study would consider multiple measurement of performance (Financial performance and Customer service management performance). The financial and non financial performance indicators would consist of: profit, profit growth performance target, sales growth, overall response to competition, future outlook, and success rate in new product launch, overall business performance, customer service management, market research, customer relationship management, customer satisfaction, operational performance, speed, quality service and process improvement. In this stu dy, the perceived measures of financial and non financial performance of organization would be used because subjective measure was found to be correlated with objective measure of performance (Dess Robinson, 1984; Dawe, 1999). Also the previous studies Lyles Salk (1996); Hansen Wernerfelt (1989); Bart et al., (2001) confirmed the reliabilities and correlations between objective measures and perceived measures are strong. Similarly, previous studies conducted by Bontis (1998); and Bontis et al., (2000) revealed that subjective measure of performance (financial and non financial) are feasible. Therefore many organizations are convinced that the implementation of BPR could bring significant and measurable benefits (Vergidis et al 2008). In fact, the risky nature of BPR has motivated a detailed investigation of its critical success and failure factors (Abdolvand et al 2008) and many researchers (Ariyachandra Frolick 2008; Bandara, Gable, Rosemann 2005) have tried to identify BPR fa ctors. Business Process Reengineering (BPR) Factors Business Process Reengineering is being used as a vehicle for re-aligning strategy, operations, and systems to deliver significantly increased financial results and customer satisfaction. It helps to find ways to do more with less, and provide a better product or service in a minimum amount of time, speed, quality, and cost. In one important way, though, reengineering differs from past incremental and analytic methods. BPR factors are the success factors that lead to successful outcomes for reengineering projects, if they are satisfactory, will ensure successful competitive performance for the organization. BPR factors are strongly related to the mission and strategic goals of business or project. Whereas the mission and goals focus on the aims and what is to be achieved, BPR factors focus on the most important factors and get to the very heart of both what is to be achieved and how you will achieve it. The BPR factors are those important factors for success. It was originally developed to align planning with the strategic direction of an organization. It is only when most important factors have been identified that practitioners would have a chance of organizational success. Various BPR factors were developed and validated by authors from studies in organizations operating in different industry such as manufacturing, education, and services. The BPR factor is aptly chosen to represent the factors which are important to achievement of desired outcome of organization performance. BPR factors are of importance that these key areas of activity should receive constant and careful attention from management. BPR factor certainly differ from industry, environment as the company ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s position within industry changes. It is important to understand what factors would be important for BPR in both for understanding the implementation of business process reengineering and organizational performan ce improvement. Therefore, based on an extensive literature review and previous studies of BPR factors in banking process reengineering have been selected based on the scope of study and fit to the banking industry and environment of the proposed study Nigerian banks (Al-Mashari Zairi, 1999; Ahmad et al, 2007; Salimifard, et al. 2010). BPR factors are the independent variable which includes: 1) Change Management; 2) Management Commitment; 3) Less bureaucratic and flattered organizational structure; 4) Project Management; 5) Customer Focus; 6) Effective process redesign; 7) Adequate financial resources; 8) Information technology (I.T) infrastructure. These eight BPR factors are essential elements to the successful transformation process. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CAPABILITY The concept of I.T capability was introduced by Ross, Beath Goodhue (1996), defined I.T capability as the firm ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s ability to assemble, integrate and deploy I.T based resources. Heijden (2000) pointed out that the measurement of I.T capability covers relationships in I.T department with the rest for the business. Bharadwaj (2000), broaden the explanation of accepted views of organisational I.T capabilities to an organisation ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s information technology function. Bharadwaj, (2000) defined I.T capability as the ability of firm to mobilise and deploy I.T based resources in combination with other resources and capabilities. Those I.T-based resources are I.T enabled resources (consist of technical and managerial I.T skills); intangible I.T- enabled resources (such as knowledge, assets, customer orientation and synergy- the sharing of resources and capabilities across organisational division. Therefore capabilities reflect the ability of the firms to combine resources to promote superior performance (Amit Schoemaker, 1993). Tippins Sohi (2003) define IT capabilities as the extent to which an organization is equipped with I.T infrastructure, IT skills knowledge a nd experience as well as effective I.T operations utilization. A high level of IT experience enables the smooth implementation of the organization ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s strategy, develops reliable and cost effective systems for the organization, and anticipates customer needs (Bhatt Grover, 2005). Clark (1997) noted that IT experience in combination with other I.T elements directly determines an organization ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s ability to rapidly develop and deploy more innovative techniques to enhance performance. The role of IT capabilities in enhancing organizational performance is well established in the literature. Various I.T studies suggests I.T capabilities provide a basis of gaining competitive advantage and enhancing organizational performance (e.g. Santhanam Hartono, 2003; Bhatt Grover, 2005) An extensive body of IT capabilities literature agrees that I.T capabilities are resource to facilitate an effective collection and utilization of information (e.g. Bharadwaj, 2000 ). Floyd et al (1990) contend that I.T capabilities enhance service reliability, reduce transaction errors and increase consistency in performance. Further contentions are that capabilities can contribute to enhancing service quality through better customized or individualized services, and in creating knowledge links for identifying and sharing organizational expertise (Quinn et al., 1994). Tippins Sohi (2003) argued that I.T capabilities which is also known as I.T competency enhance performance through an elimination of inefficiency, reduction of long term cost, improve service reliability and reduced transaction errors. While Bharadwaj (2000); Ross, Beath Goodhue (1996); Li, Chen Huang (2006) studies focuses on the importance of IT capability as well as relationship between I.T spending (IT investment) and productivity/performance with moderating effect of IT capability. In this study, the term IT capability is adapted from the study conducted by Tippins and Sohi (2003). The study used I.T knowledge, I.T infrastructure and I.T operations among the dimensions of measuring IT capability. The BPR factors encompass both tangible and intangible elements of resources. Therefore, this study would use I.T knowledge and I.T operation as the main components of measuring I.T capability. The third component i.e. I.T infrastructure would be part of BPR factors as intangible resource. These dimensions demonstrate co-specialized resources that firms cannot utilize the information technology architecture effectively without sufficient knowledge and operations. Therefore I.T capability can provide the ability to understand the existing operations. It is also one of the most considered in bring changes into the business process. Michael Hammer recommends companies to redefine their process first and then automate. I.T can play critical roles in the development of BPR efforts as follows: a. I.T makes it possible to use new ideas and higher standard technology i n order to develop a strategic vision and help to make the business process better before it is designed. b. The communication technology through I.T capabilities helps in breaking down geographical and organizational barriers that makes the acceptance of process change and useful understanding of company ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s strength, weakness opportunities and threat. IT also helps to track information. c. For a firm to manage a process can be adapted from other companies practice outside its industry. The company should combine its team members experience to set a standard that other companies can be compared with. d. I.T staff needs to broaden their knowledge in non technical areas to achieve effective team work in an organisation. e. In order to have a flexible organisational design the firms existing difficult structures must be changed so as to ensure the operation of BPR cross functional teams against departmental activities. f. To gain market share and achieve competitive advantage, the agreement between companies and collaboration between suppliers and distributors takes place at the initial stage of BPR before process design. The Contradictory role of Information Technology as an enabler in Business process reengineering (BPR) One of the most straightforward assertions about BPR is that information technology is a key enabler of process redesign. It is information technology that permits companies to re-engineer business processes; a company that cannot change the way it thinks about information technology cannot re-engineer (Hammer Champy, 1993). Most other BPR proponents also adopt an essentially technical model of organizational change in which information technology basically drives the re-engineering effort (Grey Mitev, 1995; Jones, 1994). These arguments acknowledge the technological determinism inherent to BPR; technology determines not only work structure, but also organizational structure, culture, management styles, an d beliefs (Grey Mitev, 1995). Thus, out of fashioned organizational designs can be changed through the use of advanced, enabling technologies that support new business processes that respond to changing market needs. However reasonable and straightforward, this argument seems, it has also become the source of controversy. Rather than being a simple enabler of new organizational processes, information technology inconsistently can also disable an organization ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s ability to change. When an organization revises its basic business processes using information technology, it introduces a new structure that may become even more difficult to change in the future. Since the technical backbone of automated processes exists as software routines, a later change in process will require a reconstruction of the software application and its various links to other systems. While all changes require reprogramming of some sort, either to human or machine components, software progra ms are often virtually inaccessible to the persons nearest to the application. Given the inevitability of business change, hard-wired business processes that are built today may seriously constrain later efforts to redesign them. BPR may have already produced the organizational structures and processes that will be considered old-fashion tomorrow, and those processes may be more difficult to change because today ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s software conventions will probably also be considered out-fashion tomorrow. Lucas Olson (1994) provide a clear analysis of this in-consistency in their examination of information technology ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s effects on organizational flexibility. They argue that technology provides the capability for more flexible organizational structures by allowing greater variety in the time and place of work while increasing the speed of response. However, they note that information technology also constrains flexibility by embedding routines into software progra ms that are not easy to change. Resolving the contradiction of information technology as an enabler or not in BPR is not easy. Gill (1995) argued that managers should not over program their organizations in search of dramatic productivity gains but to ensure greater flexibility. Lucas (1996) recommends a commitment to continuous investment in new technologies, thereby keeping any programmed routines from becoming hardened in the organization The measurement of the I.T capability in this study is based on: IT knowledge (skills) and IT operations (Tippins Sohi, 2003). I.T Knowledge dimension is related to a manager ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s experiences for performing IT management activities. Knowledge of an IT is essential. Since IT consists of complex technologies, its implementation is always associated with high risks and uncertainty (Umble et al. 2003). A number of IT implementation failures can be attributed to inappropriate IT planning and management (Bergeron et al. 2003). Hence, IT manager has a larger role in controlling and managing the IT implementation process (Willcocks et al. 2000). If an IT manager is involved in a new project and possesses the corresponding IT management experiences, IT strategy can be in accordance with current business processes in order to realize the coordination between IT and business objective, thereby assisting the organization enhance business efficiency and firm performance with IT (Willcocks et al. 2000). The IT manager can supervise and control IT project costs, identify financial and human resources deviations, and adopt timely measures in order to avoid the potential risks incurred during the implementation process. This can foster the alignment of the newly developed IT and business processes (Soffer et al. 2005). Additionally, employees can be encouraged to rapidly adapt to the new IT, assimilate IT knowledge and apply it in their daily routines, which is beneficial for the improvement of organization performance (Shao et al. 2008). According to Knowledge based view (KBV) systems of knowing refers to structures of interaction among team members for sharing their perspectives, pooling of knowledge, and development of shared understanding. It is suggested that systems of knowing provides forums for top management team members that exchange their strategic IT and business knowledge, and blend them together to foster higher levels of IT diffusion within the organization. For managers, a frequent interaction between other top management team members enables them to achieve timely information with regards to organizational business, thus to plan and deployment IT to align with organizational business process, improve firm performance through the investments in IT. It is found that IT-related information could be disseminated more effectively between the manager and the top management (CEO) through richer channels of communications, and this greater interactions in different IT forums is proved to have favorable influence on firms IT success (Jarvenpaa Ives 1991) I.T Operations are the activities within the organization that are required to meet goals. These activities are underpinned by skills that encapsulate the knowledge within the firm. When IT operations are able to monitor and manage IT resources and services from a real-time business out-come perspective, it can align IT operations with business priorities. As a result, IT operations can streamline business processes and optimize resources to help manage costs, increase efficiency to manage productivity and increase revenue, and help ensure service availability to enhance customer satisfaction ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½rather than simply focus on technology. IT operations can translate raw IT monitoring data into a useful business impact analysis. IT operations should be able to: 1)Understand the configuration, dependencies and relationships of the components that make up the business service; 2) Establish goals and objec tives for service delivery documented in the service level agreement (SLAs); 3) Measure the effectiveness of its services (such as Web server availability and performance) and business ser-vices (such as payment processing response time); 4) Analyze and report on the actual services delivered for the IT group and the clients that use them; 5) Create usage and accounting reports that can be used for chargeback and billing Information Technology Service Capability Maturity Model According to Niessink, Clerc Vliet (2004) the IT Service capability maturity model consists of five (5) maturity levels, which contains key process areas. For an organization to reside on a certain maturity level, it needs to implement all of the key processes for that level and lower levels. The main focus is the maturity of the service organization, not the maturity of individual services, projects or organizational units. The model covers the service delivery process with primary objectives: 1. To enable IT service providers to assess their capabilities with respect to the delivery of IT services 2. To provide IT service providers with directions and steps and further improvement of their service delivery The IT Service CMM fulfils these above objectives by measuring the capability of the IT service processes of organizations on a five level ordinal scale. Each level prescribes certain key processes that have to be in place before an organization resides on that level. Key processes implement a set of related activities that, when performed collectively, achieve a set of goals considered important for enhancing service process capability. Hence, organizations can improve their service capability by implementing these key processes. More formally, we define IT service process capability as the range of expected results that can be achieved by following a service process. IT service process performance represents the actual results achieved by following an IT service pro cess. IT service process maturity is the extent to which a specific process is explicitly defined, managed, measured, controlled and effective. The IT Service CMM focuses on measuring and improving the IT service process maturity of IT service organizations. An organization that scores high IT Service CMM scale will be able to: * Deliver quality IT services, tailored to the need of its customers * Do so in a predictable, cost-effective way * Combine and integrate different services, possibly by different service providers, into a consistent service package * Continually and sustainably improve service quality in a customer-focused way In order to understand the ITS-CMM, it is necessary to see the definitions of the various levels and to understand the structured nature of these definitions. The five levels of the IT Service CMM are: initial level; repeatable level; defined level; managed level and optimizing level. For an organization to reside on a certain maturity l evel, it needs to implement all key processes for that maturity level  ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½ and those for lower levels. The term key process area merely means that these processes are seen as the key to reach a certain maturity level. There might be more  ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½ non-key  ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½ processes, but these are not strictly necessary to reach the next maturity level. The key process areas are grouped into three process categories: The first group is concerned with the management of services; the second category deals with enabling the delivery process by means of support processes and standardization of processes; the third category consists of the processes that result in the consistent, efficient delivery of services according to the appropriate quality levels. METHODOLOGY This study focus on descriptive and causal research (hypothesis testing), since the objective of the study is to examine the relationships between the BPR factors, I.T capability and organization performance. Descriptive research would be undertaken in this study to identify the characteristic of the population such as respondent (commercial bank, microfinance bank and mortgage finance) variability and organization characteristics. Causal research or hypothesis testing and correlation approach would be conducted in the study to explain the relationship between the variables and the variance of the dependent variables. This study would use non experimental design, where the researcher does not have a control over the independent variables that determine their effect on the dependent variable. The research can only control the measurement of the study but do not interfere with the research settings. The research is only interested in gathering the information about the banks and financial institutions performance outcome of implementation of the BPR factors and specifically to examine the relationship of BPR factors, I.T capability and organizational performance within the ba nking and financial service settings. Therefore, non-experimental design or survey using quantitative method of administering questionnaire would be employed for this research. The study would use organization as the unit of analysis. The population of the study is 1,023 financial organizations (consists of 24 commercial banks, 901 microfinance bank and 98 primary mortgage finance). A total of one thousand and twenty three (1,023) banks and financial institutions are registered with Central bank of Nigeria (CBN). The list can be access through the CBN internet website: https://www.cenbank.org/supervision/finstitutions.asp. The survey would be conducted through self administered questionnaires. Although this method would be expensive compared to mail survey, nevertheless the researcher still favour this method due to its advantages. The biggest advantage is that the researcher can collect all completed responses within a short period of time. The second advantage is that resear cher can explain on the spot the terms or part of the questions which the respondents could not understand. Thirdly, the researcher can motivate the respondents to take part in the survey and give their honest opinions (Sekaran, 2003). The survey method strategy would be to collect the data with regard to BPR factors, information technology (I.T) capability and manager ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s perception of the organizations performance. Babbie, (1990) highlighted the three (3) objectives linked with survey research: 1) Description; 2) Explanation; 3) Exploratory objectives. This study ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s objectives are descriptive and explanatory. It involves identifying the characteristics and attribute of the respondent as well as making explanation through the examination of the relationships of the variables of the study. Descriptive statistics according to Babbie (1973) provide a way to streamline the large data to a manageable size that allows easy interpretation and understanding. Statistical package of social science (SPSS) software will be used for the regression model and measuring the causal relationships among the variables. CONCLUSION This paper is based on an ongoing doctoral research and the following hypotheses are propositioned based on the current review of literature. H: 1.The BPR factors related to organizational performance of Nigerian banks H: 2.The I.T capability (IT knowledge and IT operations) attributes related to organizational performance of Nigerian banks H: 3.The Information Technology (I.T) capability (IT knowledge and IT operations) indicators play the role of moderator in the relationship between BPR factors and organizational performance of banks in Nigeria. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Effect of Business Process Reengineering Factors on Organizational Performance" essay for you Create order

Russias Population The Culture And Geography Of Russia

Being the world’s largest country by land area, nearly twice the size of Canada, Russia’s population ranks sixth in the world, and is spread across 5,000 miles from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. Russia borders 14 other countries, spans 11 time zones and has a wide range of environments that include deserts, deep forests, and an arctic tundra. Russia contains Europe’s longest river, the Volga River, as well as its largest lake, Lake Ladoga. Its climate can be described as highly continental, from extreme cold in its northern regions and Siberia to subtropical in areas along the Black Sea. Russia’s capital and largest city is Moscow, followed by St. Petersburg. These cities combined are Russia’s most prominent†¦show more content†¦By the 11th century, the Varangians had united all the eastern Slavs and were at the peak of their rule. Kievan Rus’ eventually began to decline in the late 11th century and int o the 12th century, separating into various regions that fought each other for power. After the fall of Constantinople, Rus’ commercial ties to the Byzantine Empire were severed, weakening the state’s economy and diminishing key trade routes. Kievan Rus’ finally fell to the Mongol conquest, marking the end of the city of Kiev as a center of power (Lagasse, 2017). Once Mongol power declined in the 14th and 15th centuries, Moscow surfaced as Russia’s new capital. The first Tsar (ruler) of the Russians, Grand Duke Ivan IV, was crowned in 1547. In 1618, Michael I, the first of the Romanovs, was crowned tsar. Russia continued to expand throughout Siberia in the 17th century to the Pacific Ocean. 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